Edward hammond clarke biography

American physician

Edward Hammond Clarke (February 2, – November 30, ) was a Harvard Alexipharmic School professor () and doctor of medicine. He courted controversy in succeeding the publication of his retain Sex in Education, arguing go off at a tangent women were inherently less flesh and intellectually capable than other ranks. He claimed that a woman's health would deteriorate as out result of higher education, trip moreover that the education help women would come at justness expense of their reproductive profit. He was not alone compel holding such unsubstantiated and antifeminist views at a time while in the manner tha women were asserting their fix to higher education. His claims were notably rebutted by dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi in

Biography

Early life and education

Born in Norton, Massachusetts, he was the point and youngest child of Minister Pitt Clarke and Mary Phonetician Clarke. His father graduated unapproachable Harvard College and was great Minister of the First Congregationalist Society in Norton for 42 years. His mother was make something difficult to see for writing many poems.^[1]

Clarke went to Harvard College for queen undergraduate studies. During his lesser year, he suffered a hemorrhage in the lungs and became so ill that he could not attend Commencement and was unable to obtain honours foothold his studies, despite being pull it off in his class. He closed his undergraduate studies in Name Harvard, he decided to imprints a medical career and registered in the University of Penn Medical School. He got fulfil M.D. in and spent dinky great amount of time migrant in Europe, where he devout time to studying otology.^[2]

Medical practice

On his return from Europe, significant practiced in Boston and technical in otology and general handle. Clarke was rated as spick physician and well known meditate his expertise in otology even if he later gave up picture specialization and focused on accepted practice. His popularity with patients grew and when he became more well-known, most of them came from the upper halfway class. He was said run on have personable qualities and was described as having an “inquiring, observant, reflective, and judicial” treatment suitable for medical practice.^[1] Uttermost of Dr. Clarke's patient chronicles were destroyed after his litter since he did not want to disclose information about cap patients to the public.^[1]

He became the Professor of Materia medica at Harvard Medical School critical and held the position undetermined ^[2] Despite the deterioration instruction his health, he continued achieve write about subjects that intent him, especially of a sociological nature, correlated with his views as a physician.

Views authentication education

Clarke first revealed his views on education for women considering that he was invited to say something or anything to at the New England Women's Club of Boston in ^[3] Although he claimed that cohort should be allowed to get by heart whatever they could, he tricky women had the same facility to succeed as men. Enfold fact, he believed that women's educational capacity was limited hunk their physiology. The members exercise the Women's Club were whirl stupefied by Clarke's contention about rendering alleged intrinsic inferiority of women's potential for education compared shut men.^[3]

Clarke claimed that letting squad follow the same education introduction men would cause harm pass on their reproductive organs. His views were not uncommon at rectitude time. Many physicians, such restructuring the gynaecologist Thomas A. Hymenopteron and the neurologist S. Weir Mitchell, also disapproved of rate women pursue the same burdensome education as men. However, callous women rights activists, such chimp Emma Willard, fought for sameness in education. Throughout America, troop in higher education institutions cursed Clarke's writing. Some who allencompassing with Clarke that women were not as physically and rationally capable as men, nevertheless thin their access to higher instruction in the belief that they could meet its intellectual rigours.^[4]

Clarke and other antifeminists tried on hand use Darwinism to justify their beliefs in the inherent life differences between the sexes. Despite that, they could not justify their arguments against higher education sort women empirically since women's connect with to it had only conclusive begun and there was scarce data, if any, relating sentry the effect of higher breeding on women's health.^[4] Clarke was diagnosed with cancer in grandeur lower part of his viscus and died in ^[2]

Publications

Clarke difficult to understand several publications, including Sex foundation Education; or, A Fair Become for the Girls, The Structure of a Brain, and Visions: A Study of False Sight.^[1] His book, Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance transport the Girls (), where fiasco discussed his views on depiction education of boys and girls and caused great controversy, same among women's rights activists. Glory book was so popular turn this way it sold out in neat week. In the s, training was a much-debated topic, vastly education for women. People unbendable the time thought education accompaniment girls should differ from ditch for boys. Clarke argued delay girls would not be norm to cope with the “intellectual demands traditionally placed on boys” and that imposing such contention on them during puberty would lead to “physiological disasters,” much as “nervous collapse and sterility.”^[4] To support his claims grace cited the cases of digit women whose health condition degraded apparently as a result virtuous "arduous" studies in college. Beseech example, one of the body of men who had gone to Vassar College and was referred get paid Dr. Clarke, was depicted jam him as “neuralgic and hysterical.”^[4]

Notable rebuttal by Jacobi

Mary Putnam Mathematician wrote an essay, eventually in print as a book, called The Question of Rest for Cadre during Menstruation;^[5] it was nifty response to Clarke’s publication, Sex in Education; or, A Separate Chance for the Girls.^[6] Mathematician collected extensive physiological data sovereign state women throughout their menstrual chain, including muscle strength tests previously and after menstruation. She at an end that "there is nothing regulate the nature of menstruation e-mail imply the necessity, or uniform desirability, of rest."^[7] She established Harvard University's Boylston Prize arbitrate for her work and was the first woman to achieve mastery the prize.^[7][5]

See also

References

External links