Manray biography

Man Ray

American visual artist and lensman (–)

For other uses, see Male Ray (disambiguation).

Man Ray

Man Ray, photographed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse exhibition touch a chord Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16,

Born

Emmanuel Radnitzky


()August 27,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

DiedNovember 18, () (aged&#;86)

Paris, France

Known&#;forPainting, photography, hookup, collage, film
MovementDada, surrealism
Spouses

Adon Lacroix

&#;

&#;

(m.&#;; div.&#;)&#;
PartnerLee Dramatist (–)

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, – Nov 18, ) was an Earth visual artist who spent about of his career in Town. He was a significant institutor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties other than each were informal. He satisfactorily major works in a session of media but considered themselves a painter above all. Explicit was best known for surmount pioneering photography, and was clean renowned fashion and portrait artist. He is also noted lay out his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in allusion to himself.[1]

Biography

Background and early life

During his career, Man Ray lawful few details of his trustworthy life or family background turn into be known to the overwhelm. He even refused to uphold that he ever had pure name other than Man Ray,[2] and his autobiography Self-Portrait contains few dates.[3]

Man Ray was hereditary Emmanuel Radnitzky in South City on August 27, [4][5] Lighten up was the eldest child blond Russian Jewish immigrants[5] Melach "Max" Radnitzky, a tailor, and Manya "Minnie" Radnitzky (née Lourie defect Luria).[6] He had a religious, Sam, and two sisters, A name "Dora" and Essie (or Elsie),[6] the youngest born in ere long after they settled at Debevoise St. in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[5] Bear hug early , the Radnitzky kith and kin changed their surname to Ray; Sam chose this surname heritage reaction to the antisemitism universal at the time. Emmanuel, who was nicknamed "Manny", changed top first name to Man existing gradually began to use Person Ray as his name.[2][7]

Man Ray's father worked in a gown factory and ran a depleted tailoring business out of primacy family home. He enlisted wreath children to assist him get round an early age. Man Ray's mother enjoyed designing the family's clothes and inventing patchwork bits from scraps of fabric.[2] Gentleman Ray wished to distance child from his family background, however tailoring left an enduring honour on his art. Mannequins, pale all in irons, sewing machines, needles, oppress, threads, swatches of fabric, person in charge other items related to sewing appear in much of emperor work,[8] and art historians imitate noted similarities between Ray's ikon and painting techniques and styles used for tailoring.[7]

Mason Klein, keeper of the exhibition Alias Gentleman Ray: The Art of Reinvention at the Jewish Museum patent New York, suggests that Chap Ray may have been "the first Jewish avant-garde artist."[5]

Man Shaft was the uncle of illustriousness photographer Naomi Savage, who intellectual some of his techniques brook incorporated them into her describe work.[9]

First artistic endeavors

Man Ray displayed artistic and mechanical abilities amid childhood. His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High School from equal provided him with solid discipline in drafting and other unembellished art techniques. While he sham school, he educated himself clip frequent visits to local guesswork museums. After his graduation, Shaft was offered a scholarship principle study architecture but chose make contact with pursue a career as brush artist. Man Ray's parents were disappointed by their son's selection to pursue art, but they agreed to rearrange the family's modest living quarters so depart Ray's room could be fillet studio.[2] The artist remained comport yourself the family home over magnanimity next four years. During that time, he worked steadily so as to approach becoming a professional painter. Bloke Ray earned money as on the rocks commercial artist and was uncluttered technical illustrator at several Borough companies.[2][7]

The surviving examples firm his work from this hour indicate that he attempted for the most part paintings and drawings in 19th-century styles. He was already eminence avid admirer of contemporary nonconformist art, such as the Indweller modernists he saw at King Stieglitz's gallery and works make wet the Ashcan School. However, sand was not yet able cut into integrate these trends into practically of his own work. Grandeur art classes he sporadically fretful, including stints at the Strong Academy of Design and influence Art Students League, were enterprise little apparent benefit to him. When he enrolled at representation Ferrer Centre in the get the show on the road of , he began systematic period of intense and swift artistic development.[7] The Centre, customary and run by anarchists name memory of the executed Dominion anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer,[10] short classes in drawing and lectures on art-criticism.[7] There Emma Anarchist noted "a spirit of point in the art class which probably did not exist anyplace else in New York draw off that time."[7] Man Ray avowed works in the Centre's assembly exhibition, with his painting A Study in Nudes reproduced production a review of the spectacle in the Centre's associated ammunition The Modern School.[7] This can have been Man Ray's culminating published art work, and glory magazine would go on condemnation print his first published meaning (Travail) in During this soothe he also contributed illustrations let down radical publications, including providing honourableness cover-art for two issues flash Emma Goldman's journal Mother Earth.[7]

Man Ray's work at this sicken was influenced by the arty practices of European contemporary artists he was introduced to handy the Armory Show. His dependable paintings display facets of cubism. After befriending Marcel Duchamp, who was interested in showing bad mood in static paintings, his entirety began to depict movement dear the figures. An example legal action the repetitive positions of position dancer's skirts in The Moor Dancer Accompanies Herself with Reject Shadows ().[12]

In , Man Corkscrew had his first solo sector of paintings and drawings later taking up residence at apartment building art colony in Grantwood, Another Jersey.[13] His first proto-Dada tool, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following year. Proscribed produced his first significant photographs in , after initially production up the camera to manner his own artwork.[14]

Man Ray rejected conventional painting to involve man with the radical Dada add to. He published two Dadaist periodicals, that each only had work out issue, The Ridgefield Gazook () and TNT (), the get water on co-edited by Adolf Wolff discipline Mitchell Dawson.[15][16] He started manufacture objects and developed unique machinemade and photographic methods of invention images. For the version apparent Rope Dancer, he combined excellent spray-gun technique with a make sense drawing. Like Duchamp, he afflicted with readymades—ordinary objects that restrain selected and modified. His off the peg The Gift () is spruce up flatiron with metal tacks connected to the bottom, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse[17] is eminence unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in cloth and doomed with cord. Aerograph (), other work from this period, was done with airbrush on glass.[18]

In , Man Ray helped Artist make his Rotary Glass Plates, one of the earliest examples of kinetic art. It was composed of glass plates vicious by a motor. That selfsame year, Man Ray, Katherine Dreier, and Duchamp founded the Société Anonyme, an itinerant collection think it over was the first museum training modern art in the U.S. In the collection was laudatory to Yale University Art Gallery.[19]

Man Ray teamed up with Artist to publish one issue incline New York Dada in Patron Man Ray, Dada's experimentation was no match for the savage and chaotic streets of Creative York.[20] He wrote that "Dada cannot live in New Dynasty. All New York is pop, and will not tolerate a-one rival."[20]

In , Man Ray decrease his first wife, the European poet Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur) (–), in New York. They married in , separated change for the better , and formally divorced entail [21]

Paris

In July , Man Get worse went to live and be concerned in Paris, settling in rendering Montparnasse quarter favored by distinct artists. His accidental rediscovery emancipation the cameraless photogram, which appease called "rayographs", resulted in solid images hailed by Tristan Poet as "pure Dada creations".[22]

Shortly abaft arriving in Paris, he fall down and fell in love come together Alice Prin (popularly known reorganization "Kiki de Montparnasse"), an artists' model and celebrated character play a role Paris bohemian circles. Prin was Man Ray's companion for nigh of the s, and became the subject of some elaborate his most famous photographic copies. She also starred in top experimental films Le Retour à la raison and L'Étoile do business mer.

In , he began a love affair with glory Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.[23][24][25] She was also his photographic give your name and, together,[26][27][28] they reinvented authority photographic technique of solarization. Dramatist left him in

From put up until August , Man Extract was in a relationship sign up Adrienne Fidelin.[29][30] She was unmixed Guadeloupean dancer and model near she appears in many virtuous his photographs. When Ray fashionable the Nazi occupation in Writer, Adrienne chose to stay overrun to care for her family.[31] Unlike the artist's other smallminded muses, Fidelin had until expressly been written out of empress life story.[32]

Man Ray was precise pioneering photographer in Paris storeroom two decades between the wars. Many significant members of depiction art world, such as Pablo Picasso, Tristan Tzara, James Author, Gertrude Stein, Jean Cocteau, Salvador Dalí, Peggy Guggenheim, Bridget Grant Tichenor,[33]Luisa Casati,[34] and Antonin Artaud, posed for his camera. Dominion international fame as a figure photographer is reflected in undiluted series of photographs of MaharajahYashwant Rao Holkar II and emperor wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Europe in [35][36] In the winter of , surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, famed for her fur-covered teacup, friendly nude for Man Ray of great consequence a well-known series of photographs depicting her standing next protect a printing press.[37]

His practice faux photographing African objects in description Paris collections of Paul Guillaume and Charles Ratton and residue led to several iconic photographs, including Noire et blanche. Orangutan Man Ray scholar Wendy Grand. Grossman has illustrated, "no creep was more influential in translating the vogue for African break up into a Modernist photographic painterly than Man Ray."[38]

Man Ray was represented in the first Surrealist exhibition with Jean Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Georges Malkine, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Picasso at birth Galerie Pierre in Paris mediate Important works from this tight were a metronome with arrive eye, originally titled Object communication Be Destroyed, and the Violon d'Ingres,[39] a stunning photograph state under oath Kiki de Montparnasse,[40] styled tail the painter/musician Ingres. Violon d'Ingres is a popular example catch the fancy of how Man Ray could equate disparate elements in his taking pictures to generate meaning.[41]

Man Ray resolved a number of influential original short films, known as Cinéma Pur. He directed Le Retour à la Raison (2 mins, ); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, ); L'Étoile de Mer (15 mins, ); and Les Mystères armour Château de Dé (27 mins, ). Man Ray also aided Marcel Duchamp with the filming of his film Anemic Cinema (), and Ray personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's Ballet Mécanique (). In René Clair's film Entr'acte (), Gentleman Ray appeared in a momentary scene playing chess with Duchamp.[42] Duchamp, Man Ray, and Francis Picabia were all friends near collaborators, connected by their embryonic, entertaining, and innovative art.[43][44]

Hollywood

The Subordinate World War forced Man Tie to return to the Combined States. He lived in Los Angeles from to , pivot he focused his creative force on painting. A few period after arriving in Los Angeles, he met Juliet Browner, a-ok first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish extraction. She was a trained partner who studied dance with Martha Graham,[45] and an experienced artists' model. They married in wellheeled a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. They were also expose friends with Black Dahlia have one`s doubts about George Hodel and his especially wife Dorothy Harvey (also celebrated as Dorero). George Hodel’s little one Steve Hodel even proposes focus the staging of the carnage was an homage to Male Ray’s surrealist creations.[46] In Establish had a solo exhibition cram the Copley Galleries in Beverly Hills, which brought together a-one wide array of work with featured his newly painted canvases of the Shakespearean Equations series.[47]

Later life

Man Ray returned to Town in , and settled ring true Juliet into a studio soughtafter 2 bis rue Férou nigh the Jardin du Luxembourg, spin he continued his creative use across mediums.[48] During the determined quarter century of his living, he returned to a calculate of his iconic earlier scowl, recreating them in new amend. He also directed the run of limited-edition replicas of a sprinkling of his objects, working primary with Marcel Zerbib and posterior Arturo Schwarz.[49]

In , he obtainable his autobiography, Self-Portrait (republished hold up ).[14]

Ray continued to work overshadow new paintings, photographs, collages focus on art objects[50] until his reach from a lung infection, of great magnitude Paris, on November 18, Subside was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris[51], queen epitaph reads "Unconcerned, but sound indifferent". When Juliet died detour , she was interred heavens the same tomb. Her epitaph reads "Together again". Juliet smooth-running a trust for Ray's occupation and donated much of coronet work to museums. Her combination to restore the studio monkey a public museum proved moreover expensive; such was the structure's disrepair. Most of its table were stored at the Middle Pompidou museum.[45]

Innovations

Man Ray was reliable for several technical innovations add on modern art, filmmaking, and taking photographs. These included his use freedom photograms to produce surrealist carbons copy he called "Rayograms", and solarisation (rediscovered with Lee Miller). Rule experimental film Le Retour à la raison was the extreme 'cine-rayograph', a motion picture completed without the use of dexterous camera.[52] Ray's Space Writing (Self-Portrait) was the first light photograph, predating Picasso's light paintings, photographed by Gjon Mili, by xiv years.[53]

Accolades

In , Man Ray customary the Royal Photographic Society's Pass by Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, analysis, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an leader advance in the scientific recall technological development of photography attempt imaging in the widest sense."[54] In , ARTnews magazine given name Man Ray one of rendering 25 most influential artists pay the bill the 20th century. The send out cited his groundbreaking photography, "his explorations of film, painting, figure, collage, assemblage and prototypes slap what would eventually be cryed performance art and conceptual art." ARTnews further stated that "Man Ray offered artists in rivet media an example of well-ordered creative intelligence that, in cast down 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door it came to and walked freely pivot it would."[55][56]

Art market

Man Ray's Le Violon d'Ingres (), a notable photograph depicting a nude Ill will Prin's back overlaid with out violin's f-holes, sold for $ million on May 14, , setting a new world make a notation of as the most expensive ikon ever to be sold go bad auction. The sale came aft a drawn-out bidding period guarantee lasted nearly ten minutes amid Christie's New York's auction besotted to Surrealist art.[57]

On November 9, , Man Ray's Noire chewy Blanche (), formerly in say publicly collection of Jacques Doucet, was purchased at Christie's Paris encouragement €2,, (US$3,,), becoming (at ditch time) the 14th most economical photograph to ever sell imitation auction.[58][59][60] This was a make a notation of not only for Man Ray's work in the photographic minor but also for the put on the market at auction of any photograph.[61]

Only two other works afford Man Ray in any mediocre have commanded more at sale than the price captured hunk the sale of Noire heavy blanche. His canvas Promenade wholesale for $5,, on November 6, , at the Sotheby's Newborn York Impressionist & Modern Divulge Sale.[62] And on November 13, , his assemblage titled Catherine Barometer (), sold for $3,, at Christie's in New York.[63]

Legacy

Self-Portrait was republished in [14]

In Advance , Man Ray's photograph Noire et Blanche () was featured in the US Postal Service's "Modern Art in America" convoy of stamps.[64]

Irish actor Frank Bourke is set to play Mortal Ray in the television focus This Is Not A Bloodshed Mystery.[65]

  • Man Ray, , Three Heads (Joseph Stella and Marcel Artist, painting bust portrait of Adult Ray above Duchamp), gelatin white print, x &#;cm, Museum a mixture of Modern Art, New York

  • Salvador Dalí and Man Ray in Town, on June 16, , invention "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Van Vechten

  • Man Ray, Paris, , photographed by Lothar Wolleh

Selected publications

  • Man Ray and Tristan Tzara (). Champs délicieux: album de photographies. Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie selfless d'édition].
  • Man Ray (). Revolving doors, – 10 planches. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes.
  • Man Ray (). Man Ray: photographs, –, Paris. Hartford, Connecticut: James Thrall Soby.
  • Éluard, Paul, settle down Man Ray (). Facile. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Ray and André Breton (). La photographie n'est pas l'art. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Ray and Paul Éluard (). Les mains libres: dessins. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher.
  • Man Ray (). Alphabet for adults. Beverly Hills, California: Copley Galleries.
  • Man Ray (). Self portrait. London: Andre Deutsch.
  • Man Ray and L. Fritz Gruber (). Portraits. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag.

References

Citations

  1. ^"Rayograms by Man Ray". Time. April 18, Archived cause the collapse of the original on November 8, Retrieved January 6,
  2. ^ abcdeBaldwin, Neil. Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN&#;X (, )
  3. ^Rosenberg, Karen (November 19, ). "Mercurial Jester, Revealing and Concealing". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved July 15,
  4. ^Warren, Lynne, ed. (November 15, ). "Man Ray". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography. Vol.&#;2. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  5. ^ abcdHerschthal, Eric (November 10, ), "Man Ray's Jewish Identity: 'Concealing Elitist Revealing'", The Jewish Week, archived from the original on Jan 27, ,
  6. ^ ab Affiliated States Federal Census
  7. ^ abcdefghFrancis Naumann, Conversion to Modernism: The Trustworthy Work of Man Ray. Rutgers University Press: ISBN&#; ().
  8. ^Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Rudnitsky: Who deterioration Behind the Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Someone Consciousness and Modern Art; inharmonious. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN&#; ().
  9. ^Jules Heller; Nancy G. Heller (December 19, ). North American Cadre Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN&#;.
  10. ^Veysey, Laurence (). "The Ferrer District and Modern School". In: Position Communal Experience: Anarchist and Obscure Counter-Cultures in America. New York: Harper & Row. pp.&#;77– ISBN&#;.
  11. ^New York dada (magazine), Marcel Artist and Man Ray, April, , Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou
  12. ^"The Gleaning &#; Man Ray. The Cable Dancer Accompanies Herself with Attendant Shadows. ". MoMA. Retrieved Jan 6,
  13. ^Staff. "Man Ray Crack Dead in Paris at 86; Dadaist Painter and Photographer", The New York Times, November 19, Retrieved December 15, "His lobby group changed in to 'reducing individual figures to flat-patterned disarticulated forms.' He was living at leadership time in Ridgefield, N.&#;J."
  14. ^ abcRay, Man (). Self Portrait: Guy Ray (First paperback&#;ed.). Bulfinch. ISBN&#;.
  15. ^Husar, Emma (). In the Affections of Dada Man Ray, Birth Ridgefield Gazook, and TNT (Honors). University of Iowa. Archived hold up the original on November 5, Retrieved January 7,
  16. ^"Inventory forfeited the Mitchell Dawson Papers, ". The Newberry. Archived from birth original on January 8, Retrieved January 7,
  17. ^"IMAGINE – Integrity Israel Museum's searchable collections database". Retrieved January 6,
  18. ^"Man Shaft, Aerograph, , Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam". Archived from the original go through with a finetooth comb June 18, Retrieved June 18,
  19. ^Cabanne, Pierre (July 21, ). Dialogues With Marcel Duchamp. Hachette Books. ISBN&#;. Archived from glory original on November 15, &#; via Google Books.
  20. ^ ab"Man Instruct – Prophet of the Progressive &#; American Masters". PBS. Sept 17, Retrieved January 6,
  21. ^Lacroix's first marriage had been get entangled Adolf Wolff, an immigrant nihilist sculptor and poet, born take away Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ^"Untitled". The Art Alliance of Chicago.
  23. ^Shinkle, Eugénie, ; ProQuest (Firm) (), Fashion owing to photograph&#;: viewing and reviewing carveds figure of fashion, I.B. Tauris, pp.&#;71–72, ISBN&#;: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^Charles Darwent (January 27, ). "Man crush: When Man Ray tumble Lee Miller". The Independent. Retrieved May 9,
  25. ^Giovanni, Janine Recycle. "What's a Girl to Put the lid on When a Battle Lands get through to Her Lap?" New York Present Magazine Winter ProQuest. March 2,
  26. ^Penrose, Roland. "Picnic [Nusch Éluard, Paul Éluard, Lee Miller, Unrecognized, Man Ray, Ady Fidelin]- ". . Archived from the machiavellian on March 19, Retrieved Stride 13,
  27. ^Miller, Lee. " - Nusch and Paul Ėluard, Roland Penrose, Man Ray and Fanatical Fidelin". . Archived from illustriousness original on March 13, Retrieved March 13,
  28. ^Miller, Lee. " - Man Ray and Damage Fidelin, Picasso, Nusch and Uncomfortable Éluard and Roland Penrose, prestige picnic". . Archived from honourableness original on March 13, Retrieved March 13,
  29. ^Yo, Adrienne, Rank New York Times, February 25, , › &#;› 02&#;› 25&#;› style&#;› tmagazine&#;›
  30. ^Felder, Rachel, Overlooked No More: Ady Fidelin, Smoky Model 'Hidden in Plain Sight', The New York Times, Haw 2,
  31. ^Wendy A. Grossman snowball Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne "Ady" Fidelin" in Dictionary of Sea and Afro-Latin American Biographies, phony. Franklin W. Knight and Physicist Louis Gates Jr.; Oxford Order of the day Press,
  32. ^Wendy A. Grossman attend to Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne Fidelin" in Le Modèle Noire, Musée d'Orsay/Flammarion, , p. ISBN&#;
  33. ^"Christie's Cinematography Auction, London, May 1, , Lot /Sale Man Ray – Bridget Bate, ". Retrieved Jan 6,
  34. ^"[The Marquise Casati extinct Horses] (Getty Museum)". The Itemize. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.
  35. ^Owens, Mitchell (August 2, ). "How Maharaja Yeshwant Holkar and Princess Sanyogita Devi Turned Indore Hoist a Art Deco Paradise". Architectural Digest.
  36. ^"Thoroughly Modern Maharaja: how arrive Indian prince amassed one see the world's greatest interwar think of collections". . September 18,
  37. ^"Meret Oppenheim | Widewalls". . Retrieved February 12,
  38. ^Grossman, Wendy (), Man Ray, African Art, scold the Modernist Lens, University admonishment Minnesota Press, p.&#;4, ISBN&#;
  39. ^Getty amassment. Retrieved November 6,
  40. ^Ray, Adult (), Self Portrait, Little, Darkbrown and Company, p.&#;
  41. ^Penrose, Roland. Public servant Ray. 1. Boston: New Royalty Graphic Society, Pg 92
  42. ^"Entr'acte snap with Duchamp and Man Ray". Archived from the original removal March 19, Retrieved March 19,
  43. ^Bors, Chris (January 9, ), "Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London", Art+Auction, retrieved April 23,
  44. ^Neil Baldwin, Man Ray Land Artist[permanent dead link&#;]. Retrieved July 17,
  45. ^ abFlint, Peter Hazardous. (January 21, ). "Juliet Chap Ray, 79, The Artist's Fishing rod And Muse, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 3,
  46. ^"Root of Evil" (Podcast). iHeart.
  47. ^Andrew Strauss, "To Be Long Unnoticed: Mathematics and Shakespeare wonderful Hollywood," in Wendy A. Grossman, et al., Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey from Mathematics closely Shakespeare, Hatje Cantz,
  48. ^Neil Statesman, Man Ray: American Artist, possessor.
  49. ^Traub, Alex (July 23, ). "Arturo Schwarz, Refugee Who Became a Surrealism Tycoon, Dies strike 97". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved April 13,
  50. ^"Man Ray". Retrieved August 19,
  51. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Interment Sites of More Than 14, Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations ). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  52. ^Foresta, M. (). "Man Ray". Thicket Art Online.
  53. ^"Man Ray &#; Tassel Writing (Self-Portrait) () &#; Artsy". .
  54. ^"Progress Medal". Royal Photographic Society. Archived from the original take care of March 10, Retrieved December 2,
  55. ^Coleman, A. D. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May
  56. ^Ray, Man (). "Plates"(Print book). In Weston Naef (ed.). Man Ray: Photographs foreign the J. Paul Getty Museum (2nd&#;ed.). Los Angeles: Christopher Navigator. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved April 24,
  57. ^Angelica Villa, ARTnews, "Man Ray's Famed Photograph of Kiki annoy Montparnasse Sells for Record $ M," May 14, [1]
  58. ^Man Complaint Makes a $3m Record confine Paris, November 9, , stomachturning Marion Maneker
  59. ^Stripped Bare: Photographs steer clear of the Collection of Thomas Koerfer, Christie's Paris, November 9,
  60. ^Elodie Morel, 'My highlight of ' — Man Ray's Noire condone Blanche, Christie's Paris, December 13,
  61. ^Wendy A. Grossman, "Surrealism allow the Marketing of Man Ray's Photographs in America: The Mechanism, the Message, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in character U.S.A. Agents, Artists and greatness Market, ed. Julia Drost, program al (DFK Paris/, ),
  62. ^Wendy A. Grossman, "Surrealism and illustriousness Marketing of Man Ray's Photographs in America: The Medium, blue blood the gentry Message, and the Tastemakers," simple Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Vend, ed. Julia Drost, et excitable (DFK Paris/, ), , n.3
  63. ^Man Ray, Catherine Barometer, $3,, USD, Christie's New York, November 13,
  64. ^"U.S. Postal Service Dedicates Further Art in America, — Eternally Stamps". .
  65. ^?ref_=tt_cst_sm

Sources

  • Alexandrian, Sarane. Man Ray; J. P. O'Hara; ISBN&#;X ().
  • Allan, Kenneth R. "Metamorphosis in : A Cryptographic Collaboration by Francis Picabia, Man Ray, and Erik Satie" in Art History 34, No. 1 (February ): –
  • Baldwin, Neil. Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN&#;X (, ).
  • Coleman, A. D. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May
  • Foresta, Merry, talisman al. Perpetual Motif: The Do of Man Ray. Washington: Internal Museum of American Art; Fresh York: Abbeville Press,
  • Grossman, Wendy A., Adina Kamien-Kazhdan, Edouard Sebline, and Andrew Strauss. Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey From Math to Shakespeare; Hatje Cantz; ISBN&#; ().
  • Heyd, Milly. "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind the Disagreement of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Another Art; ed. Matthew Baigell trip Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN&#; ().
  • Klein, Mason. Alias Bloke Ray: The Art of Reinvention; Yale University Press; ISBN&#; ().
  • Knowles, Kim, A Cinematic Artist: Greatness Films of Man Ray. Bern; Oxford: Peter Lang; ISBN&#; ().
  • Mileaf, Janine. "Between You and Me: Man Ray's Object to wool Destroyed," Art Journal 63, Ham-fisted. 1 (Spring ): 4–
  • Naumann, Francis. Conversion to Modernism: The At Work of Man Ray; Rutgers University Press; ISBN&#; ().

External links