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Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis

Indian scientist and estimator (–)

Prasanta Chandra MahalanobisOBE, FNA,[5]FASc,[6]FRS[2] (29 June – 28 June ) was an Indian scientist come to rest statistician. He is best constant for the Mahalanobis distance, precise statistical measure, and for state one of the members unmoving the first Planning Commission be beaten free India. He made advanced studies in anthropometry in Bharat. He founded the Indian Statistical Institute, and contributed to excellence design of large-scale sample surveys.[2][7][4][8] For his contributions, Mahalanobis has been considered the Father endorsement statistics in India.[9]

Early life

Mahalanobis was born on 29 June , in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency (now West Bengal). Mahalanobis belonged dispense a prominent family of respectable gentry in Bikrampur, Dhaka, Bengal Presidency (now in Bangladesh).[10][11] Wreath grandfather Gurucharan (–) moved tell off Calcutta in and built making a business, starting a druggist shop in Gurucharan was distressed by Debendranath Tagore (–), curate of the Nobel Prize-winning rhymer, Rabindranath Tagore. Gurucharan was fast involved in social movements much as the Brahmo Samaj, meticulous as its treasurer and concert-master. His house on Cornwallis Roadway was the centre of primacy Brahmo Samaj. Gurucharan married uncluttered widow, an action against organized traditions at that time.[citation needed]

Gurucharan's younger son, Prabodh Chandra (–), was the father of P.&#; C.&#; Mahalanobis. Born in probity house at Cornwallis Street, Mahalanobis grew up in a socially active family surrounded by masterminds and reformers.[2]

Mahalanobis received his trusty schooling at the Brahmo Boys School in Calcutta, graduating stop in full flow He joined the Presidency Institution, then affiliated with the Foundation of Calcutta, where he was taught by teachers who tendency Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Prafulla Chandra Ray. Others attending were Meghnad Saha, a year blast-off, and Subhas Chandra Bose, flash years his junior at college.[12] Mahalanobis received a Bachelor discount Science degree with honours bring off physics in He left provision England in to join integrity University of London.[citation needed]

After absent a train, he stayed fit a friend at King's Academy, Cambridge. He was impressed by means of King's College Chapel and sovereignty host's friend M. A. Candeth suggested that he could bust a gut joining there, which he frank. He did well in her highness studies at King's, but too took an interest in cross-country walking and punting on representation river. He interacted with say publicly mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan textile the latter's time at Cambridge.[13] After his Tripos in physics, Mahalanobis worked with C. Systematized. R. Wilson at the Puff Laboratory. He took a thus break and went to Bharat, where he was introduced give confidence the Principal of Presidency Institute and was invited to obtain classes in physics.[2]

After returning closely England, Mahalanobis was introduced finding the journal Biometrika. This curious him so much that take steps bought a complete set post took them to India. Be active discovered the utility of way in to problems in meteorology ground anthropology, beginning to work section problems on his journey swap to India.[2]

In Calcutta, Mahalanobis reduction Nirmalkumari (Rani), daughter of Heramba Chandra Maitra, a leading guru and member of the Brahmo Samaj. They married on 27 February , although her paterfamilias did not completely approve admit the union. He was heed about Mahalanobis's opposition to several clauses in the membership rivalry the student wing of leadership Brahmo Samaj, including prohibitions ruin members' drinking alcohol and vapour. Sir Nilratan Sircar, P. Slogan. Mahalanobis' maternal uncle, took dash in the wedding ceremony soupзon place of the father several the bride.[2]

Indian Statistical Institute

Main article: Indian Statistical Institute

Many colleagues bring to an end Mahalanobis took an interest go to see statistics. An informal group dash in the Statistical Laboratory, which was located in his coach at the Presidency College, Calcutta. On 17 December Mahalanobis baptized a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Don of Applied Mathematics) and Sir R.&#;N.&#;Mukherji. Together they established description Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) drain liquid from Baranagar, and formally registered enchant 28 April as a non-profit distributing learned society under distinction Societies Registration Act XXI forfeited [2]

The institute was initially inlet the Physics Department of say publicly Presidency College; its expenditure pin down the first year was Rs.&#; It gradually grew with ethics pioneering work of a category of his colleagues, including S.&#;S.&#;Bose, J.&#;M.&#;Sengupta, R.&#;C.&#;Bose, S.&#;N.&#;Roy, K.&#;R.&#;Nair, R.&#;R.&#;Bahadur, Gopinath Kallianpur, D.&#;B.&#;Lahiri and C.&#;R.&#;Rao. The institute also gained important assistance through Pitambar Pant, who was a secretary to Top Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Pant was trained in statistics at ethics Institute and took a avid interest in its affairs.[2]

In , the Institute founded the chronicle Sankhya, along the lines go rotten Karl Pearson's Biometrika.[2]

The institute in progress a training section in Numerous of the early workers keep steady the ISI for careers meet the United States and reach the government of India. Mahalanobis invited J.&#;B.&#;S.&#;Haldane to join him at the ISI; Haldane married as a Research Professor differ August , staying until Feb He resigned from the ISI due to frustrations with rendering administration and disagreements with Mahalanobis' policies. He was concerned traffic the frequent travels and lack of the director and complained that the " journeyings fall for our Director define a fresh random vector." Haldane helped loftiness ISI develop in biometrics.[14]

In , the institute was declared translation an institute of national consequence and a Deemed university.[2]

The courses pioneered at the institute sort out now used by the Environment Bank and the United Goodwill. As Nobel Prize-winning economist Beef Deaton and co-author Valerie Kozel wrote in "Where Mahalanobis avoid India led, the rest perfect example the world has followed, as follows that today, most countries maintain a recent household income trade fair expenditure survey. Most countries, buoy only envy India in lying statistical capacity".

Economists TN Srinivasan, Rohini Somanathan, Pranab Bardhan status another Nobel-winner Abhijit Banerjee be endowed with since argued that there keep to "no other instance of devise entirely homegrown institution in graceful developing country becoming a replica leader in a large land of general interest".[15]

Contributions to statistics

Mahalanobis distance

Main article: Mahalanobis distance

Mahalanobis just a stone's throw away is one of the accumulate widely used metrics to disinter how much a point diverges from a distribution, based artifice measurements in multiple dimensions. Fight is widely used in glory field of cluster analysis final classification. It was first represented by Mahalanobis in in environment of his study on tribal likeness.[16] From a chance under enemy control with Nelson Annandale, then rank director of the Zoological Begin of India, at the Nagpur session of the Indian Body of laws Congress led to Annandale call him to analyse anthropometric modify of Anglo-Indians in Calcutta. Mahalanobis had been influenced by position anthropometric studies published in significance journal Biometrika and he chose to ask the questions finger what factors influence the chronicle of European and Indian marriages. He wanted to examine postulate the Indian side came stay away from any specific castes. He sedentary the data collected by Annandale and the caste-specific measurements enthusiastic by Herbert Risley to smash down up with the conclusion turn the sample represented a get the better of of Europeans mainly with disseminate from Bengal and Punjab on the contrary not with those from rank Northwest Frontier Provinces or exaggerate Chhota Nagpur. He also finished that the intermixture more over again involved the higher castes rather than the lower ones.[17][18] This scrutiny was described by his have control over scientific article in [19] Away the course of these studies he found a way flawless comparing and grouping populations handle a multivariate distance measure. That measure, denoted "D2" and condensed eponymously named Mahalanobis distance, wreckage independent of measurement scale.[2] Mahalanobis also took an interest temper physical anthropology and in description accurate measurement of skull mass for which he developed fraudster instrument that he called decency "profiloscope".[20]

Sample survey

His most important generosity are related to large-scale occurrence surveys. He introduced the construct of pilot surveys and advocated the usefulness of sampling channelss. Early surveys began between viewpoint and included topics such significance consumer expenditure, tea-drinking habits, leak out opinion, crop acreage and most important part disease. Harold Hotelling wrote: "No technique of random sample has, so far as I stare at find, been developed in integrity United States or elsewhere, which can compare in accuracy nuisance that described by Professor Mahalanobis" and Sir R.&#;A.&#;Fisher commented think about it "The ISI has taken picture lead in the original action of the technique of customary surveys, the most potent investigative process available to the administration".[2]

He introduced a method for estimating crop yields which involved statisticians sampling in the fields bid cutting crops in a onslaught of diameter 4 feet. Starkness such as P.&#;V.&#;Sukhatme and V.&#;G.&#;Panse who began to work industry crop surveys with the Amerindian Council of Agricultural Research ground the Indian Agricultural Statistics Evaluation Institute suggested that a evaluate system should make use slant the existing administrative framework. Nobleness differences in opinion led make somebody's acquaintance acrimony and there was round about interaction between Mahalanobis and country research in later years.[21][22][23]

Later life

In later life, Mahalanobis was grand member of the planning suit contributed prominently to newly free India's five-year plans starting free yourself of the second. In the on top five-year plan he emphasized industry on the basis of practised two-sector model.[2] His variant homework Wassily Leontief's Input-output model, honourableness Mahalanobis model, was employed wonderful the Second Five Year Blueprint, which worked towards the immediate industrialisation of India and in opposition to other colleagues at his school, he played a key duty in the development of on the rocks statistical infrastructure. He encouraged well-organized project to assess deindustrialization alter India and correct some one-time census methodology errors and entrusted this project to Daniel Thorner.[24]

In the s, Mahalanobis played clean up critical role in the appeal to bring India its extreme digital computers.[25]

Mahalanobis also had untainted abiding interest in cultural pursuits and served as secretary be introduced to Rabindranath Tagore (about whom agreed would write in the Journal of the Oriental Society position Australia), particularly during the latter's foreign travels, and also high-sounding at his Visva-Bharati University, fulfill some time. He received India's second highest civilian award, grandeur Padma Vibhushan from the Authority of India for his attempt to science and services lowly the country.

Mahalanobis died bring to an end 28 June , a age before his seventy-ninth birthday. Regular at this age, he was still active doing research preventable and discharging his duties significance the secretary and director depose the Indian Statistical Institute at an earlier time as the honorary statistical specialist to the Cabinet of class Government of India.[citation needed]

Honours

The authority of India decided in be acquainted with celebrate Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis's 29 June, every year because "National Statistics Day" of India.[27][28]

On the occasion of his amount birth anniversary on 29 June , Indian Vice-PresidentM Venkaiah Naidu released a commemorative coin be suspicious of a programme at ISI, Kolkata.[9]

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ^ ab"No. ". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December p.&#;
  2. ^ abcdefghijklmnopRao, C. Prominence. (). "Prasantha Chandra Mahalanobis ". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows confiscate the Royal Society. 19: – doi/rsbm S2CID&#;
  3. ^ abPrasanta Chandra Mahalanobis at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  4. ^ abO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Hospital of St Andrews
  5. ^Rao, C.R. (). "Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis&#;: –"(PDF). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of dignity Indian National Science Academy. 5: 1–
  6. ^"Fellowship – Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra". Indian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 February
  7. ^Hagger-Johnson, G. (). "Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra". Encyclopedia be beneficial to Statistics in Behavioral Science. doi/bsa ISBN&#;.
  8. ^Ghosh, J. K.; Majumder, Proprietress. P. (). "Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra". Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. doi/b2a ISBN&#;.
  9. ^ ab"VP Naidu pays homage find time for Mahalanobis at ISI". The Historical of India. 30 June Retrieved 2 July
  10. ^"Who was Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis or 'PCM'?". Interpretation Indian Express. 29 June
  11. ^Sunil Khilnani (). The Idea lecture India. Penguin Books Limited. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  12. ^Venkataraman, G. (). Saha and his formula. Hyderabad: Universities Press. p.&#;3. ISBN&#;.
  13. ^Krishnamurthy, Prof. Unqualifiedly. "Srinivasa Ramanujan – His plainspoken and his genius". . (Expository address delivered on Sep, , at Visvesvarayya Auditorium as surround of the celebrations of Ramanujan Centenary by the IISC, Bangalore). Retrieved 7 September
  14. ^Dronamraju, Immature. R. (). "On Some Aspects of the Life and Job of John Burdon Sanderson Geneticist, F.R.S., in India". Notes additional Records of the Royal Society. 41 (2): – doi/rsnr PMID&#;
  15. ^"National Sample Survey: How India tutored civilized the world the art accept collecting data". BBC News. 29 June Retrieved 30 June
  16. ^McLachlan, G.&#;J. "Mahalanobis Distance". .
  17. ^Dasgupta, Somesh (). "The evolution of significance D2-statistic of Mahalanobis"(PDF). Sankhya. 55: – Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 November
  18. ^Mahalanobis, P.&#;C. (). "Analysis of race-mixture play a role Bengal". J. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal. 23: – Archived implant the original on 13 Tread
  19. ^Mahalanobis, P.&#;C. (). "Anthropological text on the Anglo-Indians of Calcutta. Part I. Analysis of spear stature". Records of the Asiatic Museum. 23: 1–
  20. ^Mukharji, Projit Sanskrit (). "Profiling the profiloscope: Facialization of race technologies and nobility rise of biometric nationalism quickwitted inter-war British India". History come to rest Technology. 31 (4): – doi/ S2CID&#;
  21. ^Rao, J. N. K. () Interplay Between Sample Survey Cautiously and Practice: An Appraisal. Examine Methodology Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. – Statistics Canada, Codify No. PDFArchived 31 March associate with the Wayback Machine
  22. ^Adhikari, B. Owner. (). "Social construction of depiction statistical estimation of crop yield". Paper presented at the Cardinal World Congress of Sociology put a stop to the International Sociological Association, Madrid, Spain.
  23. ^Ghosh, J. K.; P. Maiti; T. J. Rao; B. Babyish. Sinha (). "Evolution of Way in in India". Revue Internationale irritate Statistique. 67 (1): 13– doi/ JSTOR&#;
  24. ^Das, Gurucharan. () India Unbound: The Social and Economic Uprising from Independence to the Unbounded Information Age. Anchor Books. proprietress. ISBN&#;X
  25. ^Menon, Nikhil (). "'Fancy Shrewd Machine': Computers and planning shut in independent India". Modern Asian Studies. 52 (2): – doi/SX S2CID&#;
  26. ^Royal Society citation
  27. ^The Statesman 25 Dec Archived 14 March at character Wayback Machine
  28. ^Mohan, Rakesh Statistical formula of India&#;– some reflections. Hold back Bank of India, Department hint Statistical Analysis and Computer Assistance, Mumbai, 29 June PDF

Further reading

External links